To increase an athletes performance , there are a lot ways. By daily training exercise before the competition , or by their food daily diets , could also be legal and illegal drugs to increase their body performance.
Respiratory system and circulatory system also need to be aware off before the days of the competition.
Respiratory system is a process of inhaling oxygen and exhaling oxygen. The process of inhaling and exhaling air is called external respiration while internal respiration is a process of diffusion of oxygen from the alveoli to the heart through artery (one of the blood vessels. The other blood vessel is vein).
In a blood, there are blood cells. Three types of blood cells: red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. These cells were carried by plasma. Red blood cells contains of hemoglobin. Hemoglobin carries oxygen. White blood cells is a cell that eats evil bacterias.
In the heart, there are four rooms: right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, and left ventricle. The right atrium and the right ventricle was divided by a tricuspid valve while left atrium and left ventricle was divided by a bicuspid valve.
The blood from the lungs enters the left atrium and left ventricle then to the rest of the cells through pulmonary artery. In the cells, the oxygen and the nutrition we got from the food we digested turns into ATP, carbon dioxide, and water which is the urine. This happens in the mitochondria of a cell. This process is called cellular respiration. The urine will be removed by the kidney.
Then the carbon dioxide will be brought back to the heart through vein. It enters the right atrium and right ventricle then to the lungs. In the lungs, the carbon dioxide goes to the alveoli by diffusion. After that we exhale them out from our nose.
The process of blood enters from the body to the heart, then to the lungs and return back to the heart and pumped to the whole body is called double circulation blood.
Now I am going to show the programs, diets , and drugs that professional soccer player uses.
Respiratory system and circulatory system also need to be aware off before the days of the competition.
Respiratory system is a process of inhaling oxygen and exhaling oxygen. The process of inhaling and exhaling air is called external respiration while internal respiration is a process of diffusion of oxygen from the alveoli to the heart through artery (one of the blood vessels. The other blood vessel is vein).
In a blood, there are blood cells. Three types of blood cells: red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. These cells were carried by plasma. Red blood cells contains of hemoglobin. Hemoglobin carries oxygen. White blood cells is a cell that eats evil bacterias.
In the heart, there are four rooms: right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, and left ventricle. The right atrium and the right ventricle was divided by a tricuspid valve while left atrium and left ventricle was divided by a bicuspid valve.
The blood from the lungs enters the left atrium and left ventricle then to the rest of the cells through pulmonary artery. In the cells, the oxygen and the nutrition we got from the food we digested turns into ATP, carbon dioxide, and water which is the urine. This happens in the mitochondria of a cell. This process is called cellular respiration. The urine will be removed by the kidney.
Then the carbon dioxide will be brought back to the heart through vein. It enters the right atrium and right ventricle then to the lungs. In the lungs, the carbon dioxide goes to the alveoli by diffusion. After that we exhale them out from our nose.
The process of blood enters from the body to the heart, then to the lungs and return back to the heart and pumped to the whole body is called double circulation blood.
Now I am going to show the programs, diets , and drugs that professional soccer player uses.
TRAINING
There are alot of trainings that soccer player do to play in the game well and win the match. Here are the trainings they do:
Jogging
soccer players always do jogging before their training starts at the field, jogging allows the player to breath in oxygen and breath out carbon dioxide to train the lungs and the alveoli to get in as much oxygen and to breath out a lot of carbon dioxide when the player is running in the field to get the ball. This trains the endurance of a soccer player
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Sprinting
This training trains the player to move faster to get the ball at the field by making their leg muscles get used to hard exercise and to developed the muscles to make them stronger so they can run faster. This trains the strength of a soccer player.
this training helps the player to get ready for the real soccer game. This training helps by making the player ready to face the opponents in the soccer game by dribbling the ball zig zag to through the targets so they can be more flexible when they have to get through the real player in the real game. This will train the agility and flexibility of the soccer player.
Shooting
this training is called shooting the ball to the goal. This training is simple, the player just need to kick the ball to the goal so they can train their shooting technique to make a goal in the soccer game. This will also train their accuracy to kick the ball to the goal to make scores at the real soccer games.
Food and diets
to make a maximum performance for the soccer athlete before the game is to have the right nutritions and diets for the game. And to keep their body fit at all time by consuming the right diets for the each day even when they don’t have any game to face. Usually when they don’t have any game to play, they don’t really tighten their diets but they still need to manage their diets. Before the game usually the trainer will set their meal and diets long time before the game maybe like 2 / 3 weeks before depending on the player.
THE FACTS
When engaging in any sort of physical activity on a regular basis, you body will require additional calories to compensate for the calories burned during the activity. As an athlete, you need to consume plenty of carbohydrates, protein and healthy fats for energy and increased muscle capacity. Teenage athletes may require anywhere from 2,000 to 5,000 calories per day, according to the TeensHealth website. If you're an adult athlete, your daily calorie requirements will vary depending upon your age, gender, body type and type of activity you're engaged in.
BREAKFAST
You need plenty of carbohydrates and protein for breakfast after a good night's sleep. Some good food choices include fruit, oatmeal, whole-grain cereals, skim milk, eggs, turkey bacon and, for vegetarians in particular, soy products. Breakfast will help give you energy right from the start of the day. Eat a small snack two to three hours after breakfast to keep your energy levels high.
LUNCH
As an athlete, you need to eat a low-calorie meal for lunch that consists of fruits and vegetables. A light pasta dish is usually a good choice. A chicken Caesar salad is also a nutritious source of protein, vitamins and minerals that is low in calories. The key at lunchtime is to maximize the amount of nutrients you consume while not going overboard on your calorie count. Eat a low-calorie snack in mid-afternoon.
DINNER
Your final meal of the day should be well-balanced and rich in protein, fiber, healthy fats, vitamins and carbohydrates. An effective sample menu would include a chicken breast, green beans, whole-wheat bread or rice and a piece of fruit for dessert. Avoid eating late; if you eat a dinner high in fiber it will help curb your appetite before bedtime
Pre-competition Meals for Athletes
Maintain a normal sugar and prevent the performance problems associated with hypoglycemia (light-headedness, blurred vision, fatigue and uncoordination).
Settle the stomach, absorb some of the gastric juices and end hunger feelings.
Provide energy to fuel the muscles.
The goal of the pre-competition meal is to enhance stamina and endurance without causing any stomach discomfort. Eating too much food can have adverse effects(nausea, stomach cramps);so can eating too little (lack of energy). Athletes who get very nervous, stressed or have sensitive stomachs may prefer to abstain completely from food. They should make a special effort to eat extra food the day before to be well fueled for the competition.
Carbohydrates are the best pre-competition foods because they digest quickly and are readily available for fuel. Some popular choices include cereal, bread, bagel, crackers, potato and pasta. Protein-rich foods (eggs, tuna, steak, chicken, etc) take longer to digest and may increase the need to urinate. Fats (fried foods, peanut butter, burgers, etc) stay longest in the stomach and may feel heavy and uncomfortable.
Injury diets
No change in diet is necessary when a quick recovery is expected. There is little need to modify food intake when an injury limits activity for less than a week.. Protein is also important for immune function. If a slow recovery is expected, the injury might cause significant emotional stress. Fear, anxiety, and anger are all typical reactions to injury. These emotions can increase the secretion of adrenaline from the adrenal gland. This in turn can cause a series of metabolic changes that result in increased loss of protein through the urine.
Performance drugs for athletes:
Anabolic steroids
Some athletes take a form of steroids — known as anabolic-androgen steroids or just anabolic steroids — to increase their muscle mass and strength. The main anabolic steroid hormone produced by your body is testosterone.
Testosterone has two main effects on your body:
- Anabolic effects promote muscle building.
- Androgenic effects are responsible for male traits, such as facial hair and a deeper voice.
Some athletes take straight testosterone to boost their performance. Frequently, the anabolic steroids that athletes use are synthetic modifications of testosterone. These hormones have approved medical uses, though improving athletic performance is not one of them. They can be taken as pills, injections or topical treatments.
Why are these drugs so appealing to athletes? Besides making muscles bigger, anabolic steroids may help athletes recover from a hard workout more quickly by reducing the muscle damage that occurs during the session. This enables athletes to work out harder and more frequently without overtraining. In addition, some athletes may like the aggressive feelings they get when they take the drugs.
Designer steroids
A particularly dangerous class of anabolic steroids are the so-called designer drugs — synthetic steroids that have been illicitly created to be undetectable by current drug tests. They are made specifically for athletes and have no approved medical use. Because of this, they haven't been tested or approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and represent a particular health threat to athletes.
A particularly dangerous class of anabolic steroids are the so-called designer drugs — synthetic steroids that have been illicitly created to be undetectable by current drug tests. They are made specifically for athletes and have no approved medical use. Because of this, they haven't been tested or approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and represent a particular health threat to athletes.
Risks
Many athletes take anabolic steroids at doses that are much higher than those prescribed for medical reasons, and most of what is known about the drugs' effects on athletes comes from observing users. It is impossible for researchers to design studies that would accurately test the effects of large doses of steroids on athletes, because giving participants such high doses would be unethical. This means that the effects of taking anabolic steroids at very high doses haven't been well studied.
Many athletes take anabolic steroids at doses that are much higher than those prescribed for medical reasons, and most of what is known about the drugs' effects on athletes comes from observing users. It is impossible for researchers to design studies that would accurately test the effects of large doses of steroids on athletes, because giving participants such high doses would be unethical. This means that the effects of taking anabolic steroids at very high doses haven't been well studied.
Anabolic steroids come with serious physical side effects as well.
Men may cause:
- Prominent breasts
- Baldness
- Shrunken testicles
- Infertility
- Impotence
Women may cause:
- A deeper voice
- An enlarged clitoris
- Increased body hair
- Baldness
- Infrequent or absent periods
Both men and women might experience:
- Severe acne
- Increased risk of tendinitis and tendon rupture
- Liver abnormalities and tumors
- High blood pressure (hypertension)
- Heart and circulatory problems
- Prostate gland enlargement
- Aggressive behaviors, rage or violence
- Psychiatric disorders, such as depression
- Drug dependence
- Infections or diseases such as HIV or hepatitis if you're injecting the drugs
- Inhibited growth and development, and risk of future health problems in teenagers
Taking anabolic-androgenic steroids to enhance athletic performance, besides being prohibited by most sports organizations, is illegal. In the past 20 years, more effective law enforcement in the United States has pushed much of the illegal steroid industry into the black market. This poses additional health risks because the drugs are either made in other countries and smuggled in or made in clandestine labs in the United States. Either way, they aren't subject to government safety standards and could be impure or mislabeled.
Androstenedione
Androstenedione is a hormone produced by the adrenal glands, ovaries and testes. It's a hormone that's normally converted to testosterone and estradiol in both men and women.
Andro is available legally only in prescription form, and is a controlled substance. Manufacturers and bodybuilding magazines tout its ability to allow athletes to train harder and recover more quickly. However, its use as a performance-enhancing drug is illegal in the United States.
Scientific studies that refute these claims show that supplemental androstenedione doesn't increase testosterone and that your muscles don't get stronger with andro use. In fact, almost all of the andro is rapidly converted to estrogen, the primary hormone in females.
Risks
Side effects of andro in men include:
Side effects of andro in men include:
- Acne
- Diminished sperm production
- Shrinking of the testicles
- Enlargement of the breasts
In women, side effects include:
- Masculinization, such as deepening of the voice and male-pattern baldness
In both men and women, andro can decrease HDL cholesterol (the "good" cholesterol), which puts you at greater risk of heart attack and stroke.
Human growth hormone
Human growth hormone, also known as gonadotropin, is a hormone that has an anabolic effect. Athletes take it to improve muscle mass and performance. However, it hasn't been shown conclusively to improve either strength or endurance. It is available only by prescription and is administered by injection.
Risks
Adverse effects related to human growth hormone range in severity and may include:
Adverse effects related to human growth hormone range in severity and may include:
- Joint pain
- Muscle weakness
- Fluid retention
- Carpal tunnel syndrome
- Impaired glucose regulation
- Cardiomyopathy
- High cholesterol (hyperlipidemia)
- Diabetes
- High blood pressure (hypertension)
Erythropoietin
Erythropoietin is a type of hormone used to treat anemia in people with severe kidney disease. It increases production of red blood cells and hemoglobin, resulting in improved movement of oxygen to the muscles. Epoetin, a synthetic form of erythropoietin, is commonly used by endurance athletes.
Risks
Erythropoietin use among competitive cyclists was common in the 1990s and allegedly contributed to at least 18 deaths. Inappropriate use of erythropoietin may increase the risk of thrombotic events, such as stroke, heart attack and pulmonary edema.
Erythropoietin use among competitive cyclists was common in the 1990s and allegedly contributed to at least 18 deaths. Inappropriate use of erythropoietin may increase the risk of thrombotic events, such as stroke, heart attack and pulmonary edema.
Iuretics
Diuretics are drugs that change your body's natural balance of fluids and salts (electrolytes) and can lead to dehydration. This loss of water can decrease an athlete's weight, helping him or her to compete in a lighter weight class, which many athletes prefer. Diuretics may also help athletes pass drug tests by diluting their urine and are sometimes referred to as a "masking" agent.
Risks
Diuretics taken at any dose, even medically recommended doses, predispose athletes to adverse effects such as:
Diuretics taken at any dose, even medically recommended doses, predispose athletes to adverse effects such as:
- Dehydration
- Muscle cramps
- Exhaustion
- Dizziness
- Fainting
- Potassium deficiency
- Heart arrhythmias
- Drop in blood pressure
- Loss of coordination and balance
- Heatstroke
- Death
Creatine
Many athletes take nutritional supplements instead of or in addition to performance-enhancing drugs. Supplements are available over-the-counter as powders or pills.
The most popular supplement among athletes is probably creatine monohydrate. Creatine is a naturally occurring compound produced by your body that helps your muscles release energy.
Scientific research indicates that creatine may have some athletic benefit by producing small gains in short-term bursts of power. Creatine appears to help muscles make more adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which stores and transports energy in cells, and is used for quick bursts of activity, such as weightlifting or sprinting. There's no evidence, however, that creatine enhances performance in aerobic or endurance sports.
Your liver produces about 0.07 ounces (2 grams) of creatine each day. You also get creatine from the meat in your diet. Creatine is stored in your muscles, and levels are relatively easily maintained. Because your kidneys remove excess creatine, the value of supplements to someone who already has adequate muscle creatine content is questionable.
Risks
Supplements are considered food and not drugs by the FDA. This means supplement manufacturers are not required to conform to the same standards as drug manufacturers do. In some cases, supplements have been found to be contaminated with other substances, which may inadvertently lead to a positive test for performance-enhancing drugs.
Supplements are considered food and not drugs by the FDA. This means supplement manufacturers are not required to conform to the same standards as drug manufacturers do. In some cases, supplements have been found to be contaminated with other substances, which may inadvertently lead to a positive test for performance-enhancing drugs.
Possible side effects of creatine that can decrease athletic performance include:
- Stomach cramps
- Muscle cramps
- Nausea
- Diarrhea
- Weight gain
Weight gain is sought after by athletes who want to increase their size. But with prolonged creatine use, weight gain is more likely the result of water retention than an increase in muscle mass. Water is drawn into your muscle tissue, away from other parts of your body. This puts you at risk of dehydration.
High-dose creatine use may potentially damage your:
- Kidneys
- Liver
It appears safe for adults to use creatine at the doses recommended by manufacturers. But there are no studies investigating the long-term benefits and risks of creatine supplementation.
Stimulants
What are they?
Some athletes use stimulants to stimulate the central nervous system and increase heart rate and blood pressure.
Some athletes use stimulants to stimulate the central nervous system and increase heart rate and blood pressure.
Stimulants can:
- Improve endurance
- Reduce fatigue
- Suppress appetite
- Increase alertness and aggressiveness
Common stimulants include caffeine and amphetamines. Cold remedies often contain the stimulants ephedrine or pseudoephedrine hydrochloride. Energy drinks, which are popular among many athletes, often contain high doses of caffeine and other stimulants. The street drugs cocaine and methamphetamine also are stimulants.
Risks
Although stimulants can boost physical performance and promote aggressiveness on the field, they have side effects that can impair athletic performance.
Although stimulants can boost physical performance and promote aggressiveness on the field, they have side effects that can impair athletic performance.
- Nervousness and irritability, which make it hard to concentrate on the game.
- Insomnia, which can prevent an athlete from getting needed sleep.
- Dehydration.
- Heatstroke.
- Addiction or tolerance, meaning that athletes need greater amounts to achieve the desired effect, so they'll take doses that are much higher than the intended medical dose.
Other side effects include:
- Heart palpitations
- Heart rhythm abnormalities
- Weight loss
- Tremors
- Mild high blood pressure (hypertension)
- Hallucinations
- Convulsions
- Stroke
- Heart attack and other circulatory problems
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